how do you get faster write speeds to SSD only getting 24mb/s

comet424 · 27 Feb 2022, 18:23

hi i built a 3rd Nes 4 retro pie

before were a couple 500gb ssds

now i using a 2TB but i only getting 25mb/s copying over the network.. how you get max speed over USB 3 port

i have it manually mounted
2tb is mounted as NTFS

 pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root      ext4      117G  3.5G  109G   4% /
devtmpfs       devtmpfs  1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G   13M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs          tmpfs     5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat      256M   49M  207M  20% /boot
/dev/sda1      fuseblk   1.9T   69G  1.8T   4% /home/pi/RetroPie
tmpfs          tmpfs     384M     0  384M   0% /run/user/1000

my fstab

 proc            /proc           proc    defaults          0       0
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-01  /boot           vfat    defaults          0       2
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-02  /               ext4    defaults,noatime  0       1
# a swapfile is not a swap partition, no line here
#   use  dphys-swapfile swap[on|off]  for that
UUID=65454130580A5F05   /home/pi/RetroPie       ntfs    nofail,user,uid=pi,gid=pi 0     2

 pi@retropie:/etc $ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Feb 27 17:14 65454130580A5F05 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 27 17:14 8988cf8f-d459-476f-9a4a-16c56702dc40 -> ../../mmcblk0p2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 27 17:14 C367-3F28 -> ../../mmcblk0p1

pi@retropie:/etc $ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sda1
Disk /dev/sda1: 1.8 TiB, 2000397795328 bytes, 3907026944 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

anyway to be able to increase speed.. as i didnt notice this slowness using a 250gb or 500gb
ssd

i should be least getting 80mb/s

Darksavior · 28 Feb 2022, 02:13

@comet424 Not an expert but here's my experience setting up my plex nas with a 14TB usb hdd on another pi4.

I was getting around 20MB/s transfers from ethernet on buster. I'm not sure what did it, but then I started over using bullseye and used the "big_writes" (no quotes) option in fstab and that increased it to around 40MB/s. It's not much but I'll take it. Btw, bullseye is not supported on retropie right now so I'd try the "big_writes" option.

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 02:46

@darksavior

how do i set that up? ive only done the step by step article i did a how to setup NEspi4 and how you get it to work with retropie but i had a 250 and 500gb but it worked fine... . but seems when i jumped to a 2tb to put all roms on it seem to slow as molases..

how do you do the big write.. would be also nice if we had a link that had all the. roms.. so we could just extract to a ssd like a master iso

mitu · 28 Feb 2022, 06:03

@comet424 said in how do you get faster write speeds to SSD only getting 24mb/s:

how do you do the big write.. would be also nice if we had a link that had all the. roms.. so we could just extract to a ssd like a master iso

There is not ROM linking in the forums - see the forum rules https://retropie.org.uk/forum/topic/2/forum-rules

You should first try to check the speed of your disk locally (without file sharing) using hdparm, see https://askubuntu.com/questions/87035/how-to-check-hard-disk-performance.

Using ntfs also may be an issue, since the write support in Linux via fuse (userspace filesystem) will not be the same as using fat32 or a native Linux filesystem.

savannab815 · 28 Feb 2022, 08:15

@comet424 like mitu said at the bottom of the forum don’t use ntfs. I haven’t actually put everything into action yet but I did a lot of research and I do remember seeing not to use that format as it will affect performance.

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 14:03

ah ok ill check out link

i did try formating the 2TB in Fat in my Unraid Box but it formated but it was unmountable formatting FAT wouldnt format 2TB right

and then i googleed.. and it said Linux 5 and up has ntfs full support doesnt retropie use Linux 5+?

so how can i format it then in retropie to get the 2TB to see Fat? or would be better ExFat? as i was able to mount that in Unraid ExFat for 2tb

do you guys fill a 2TB? or find 1TB big enough?

i didnt know from that link kodi was to watch pirated videos .. i seen i on my unraid has the kodi /LibreElece/OpenElece
learn something new everyday

and didnt know bios's and such not legal either..

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 14:16

i ran the dd program on the bottom of that forum

 pi@retropie:~ $ dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=1M count=1024
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB, 1.0 GiB) copied, 45.0954 s, 23.8 MB/s

pi@retropie:~ $ sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
pi@retropie:~ $ dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=4k
262144+0 records in
262144+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB, 1.0 GiB) copied, 25.6095 s, 41.9 MB/s
pi@retropie:~ $

and i running a WD 2tb SSD speeds up to what 550mb/s

but thats why i went ntfs.. cuz when i googled linux should have full support in kernel for ntfs least thats what i read unless thats a different version?

mitu · 28 Feb 2022, 14:33

@comet424 said in how do you get faster write speeds to SSD only getting 24mb/s:

and then i googleed.. and it said Linux 5 and up has ntfs full support doesnt retropie use Linux 5+?

Can you please provide a source link ? Not sure what Linux 5 is suppose to mean.

so how can i format it then in retropie to get the 2TB to see Fat? or would be better ExFat? as i was able to mount that in Unraid ExFat for 2tb

You can format it on a PC with ExFat or from Linux with the command line mkfs.exfat command.

 sudo apt -y install exfat-utils
sudo mkfs.exfat /dev/sda1

Warning - formatting will erase all existing data on the disk !

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 14:56

wont let me post correctly
https://www.theregister.com/2021/10/13/how_ntfs_finally_made_it/#:~:text=Starting with the Linux 5.15,FAT)%20file%20system%20across%20Windows.

here it says as if linux 5.5 version ntfs fully supported
but maybe fully supported and getting retropie to access at full speed 2 different things

Starting with the Linux 5.15 kernel, NTFS is finally being fully supported in Linux. This journey hasn't been easy.

Microsoft introduced NTFS, a proprietary – naturally – journaling file system in Windows NT 3.1 in 1993. From there, it replaced 1977's File Allocation Table (FAT) file system across Windows.

https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-boosts-microsoft-ntfs-support-as-linus-torvalds-complains-about-github-merges/

Linux creator Linus Torvalds has agreed to include Paragon Software's NTFS3 kernel driver, giving the Linux kernel 5.15 release improved support for Microsoft's NTFS file system. But he also had some process and security lessons to offer developers about how to code submissions to the kernel should be made.

i did see in another link
to use ntfs-3g

for for the fstab
would that fix things? adding -3g

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 15:17

i guess retropie doesnt fully support ntfs

above says Linux 5.15 kernal is fully supported

but when i logged into retropie

it only runs 5.10.63 so its not fully supported yet.. i guess once retropie upgrades to 5.15 maybe then ntfs gets the fully speeds

i formated to exfat but it didnt take

 pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root      ext4      117G  4.5G  108G   4% /
devtmpfs       devtmpfs  1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G  9.4M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs          tmpfs     5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat      256M   49M  207M  20% /boot
tmpfs          tmpfs     384M     0  384M   0% /run/user/1000

 pi@retropie:~ $ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Feb 28 15:15 5BAF-3224 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 15:15 8988cf8f-d459-476f-9a4a-16c56702dc40 -> ../../mmcblk0p2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 15:15 C367-3F28 -> ../../mmcblk0p1

  
proc            /proc           proc    defaults          0       0
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-01  /boot           vfat    defaults          0       2
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-02  /               ext4    defaults,noatime  0       1
# a swapfile is not a swap partition, no line here
#   use  dphys-swapfile swap[on|off]  for that
UUID=5BAF-3224  /home/pi/RetroPie       exfat   nofail,user,uid=pi,gid=pi 0     2

 pi@retropie:~ $ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Feb 28 15:17 5BAF-3224 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 15:17 8988cf8f-d459-476f-9a4a-16c56702dc40 -> ../../mmcblk0p2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 15:17 C367-3F28 -> ../../mmcblk0p1
pi@retropie:~ $ sudo mkfs.exfat /dev/sda1
mkexfatfs 1.3.0
Creating... done.
Flushing... done.
File system created successfully.
pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root      ext4      117G  4.5G  108G   4% /
devtmpfs       devtmpfs  1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G  9.4M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs          tmpfs     5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat      256M   49M  207M  20% /boot
tmpfs          tmpfs     384M     0  384M   0% /run/user/1000
pi@retropie:~ $

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 15:51

so i dont have that hdparm program not sure how to install it

i did get it to format and mount using sudo mkfs.fat

 pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root      ext4      117G  4.5G  108G   4% /
devtmpfs       devtmpfs  1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G  9.4M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs          tmpfs     5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat      256M   49M  207M  20% /boot
/dev/sda1      vfat      1.9T   96K  1.9T   1% /home/pi/RetroPie
tmpfs          tmpfs     384M     0  384M   0% /run/user/1000

 proc            /proc           proc    defaults          0       0
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-01  /boot           vfat    defaults          0       2
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-02  /               ext4    defaults,noatime  0       1
# a swapfile is not a swap partition, no line here
#   use  dphys-swapfile swap[on|off]  for that
UUID=D41A-0442  /home/pi/RetroPie       vfat    nofail,user,uid=pi,gid=pi 0     2

extfat just wouldnt work now is this fat or fat32?

so copying is even worse.. now it only copies 2-5mbs/s

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 16:22

i did google and found a different format

pi@retropie:~ $ sudo mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1

now i got 5-10mb/s but no where near 80mbs whats going on? its it writting to the SD card first then the SSD?
as its supposed to write directly to the SSD

 pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root      ext4      117G  4.5G  108G   4% /
devtmpfs       devtmpfs  1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G  9.6M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs          tmpfs     5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat      256M   49M  207M  20% /boot
/dev/sda1      vfat      1.9T  1.7G  1.9T   1% /home/pi/RetroPie
tmpfs          tmpfs     384M     0  384M   0% /run/user/1000
 
pi@retropie:~ $ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Feb 28 16:12 3FDD-79EC -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 16:12 8988cf8f-d459-476f-9a4a-16c56702dc40 -> ../../mmcblk0p2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 16:12 C367-3F28 -> ../../mmcblk0p1
pi@retropie:~ $

  
proc            /proc           proc    defaults          0       0
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-01  /boot           vfat    defaults          0       2
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-02  /               ext4    defaults,noatime  0       1
# a swapfile is not a swap partition, no line here
#   use  dphys-swapfile swap[on|off]  for that
UUID=3FDD-79EC  /home/pi/RetroPie       vfat    nofail,user,uid=pi,gid=pi 0     2

and i dont know how to get the testing of the dd or the hdparm command for the sda1

is it maybe retropie cant hand 2TB at the full usb 3.0 speeds? as i didnt have issue with the same brand SSD just at a 250 and 500mbs but now i jumped to a 2TB i get these extreme slow speeds..

and i dont know linux good enough to trouble shoot things

mitu · 28 Feb 2022, 16:33

@comet424 said in how do you get faster write speeds to SSD only getting 24mb/s:

i formated to exfat but it didnt take
[...]

You've run the correct command, but your next df commands don't show that the newly formatted partition is mounted.

so i dont have that hdparm program not sure how to install it

You can install it with sudo apt install hdparm.

i did get it to format and mount using sudo mkfs.fat
extfat just wouldnt work now is this fat or fat32?

It's neither, exfat is another type of filesystem, just like fat or vfat (which is Linux name for FAT32).

I'm not really sure how you're testing, your df commands don't show the /dev/sda1 partition being mounted so you may actually be testing just the sdcard.

is it maybe retropie cant hand 2TB at the full usb 3.0 speeds? as i didnt have issue with the same brand SSD just at a 250 and 500mbs but now i jumped to a 2TB i get these extreme slow speeds.

It can handle it fine, that's not the issue here - is the filesystem used. Use exfat instead of ntfs and you should get better performance.

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 16:45

@mitu
ill re ty again and the test i did was on the bottom of the forum page

i ran

pi@retropie:~ $ sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
pi@retropie:~ $ dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=4k

and ran

dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=1M count=1024

so i installed it and ran

 pi@retropie:~ $ sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sda1
 
/dev/sda1:
 Timing cached reads:   1588 MB in  2.00 seconds = 793.80 MB/sec
 Timing buffered disk reads: 882 MB in  3.00 seconds = 293.62 MB/sec

so for doing the exfat how do i change that for the fstab? as it wouldnt mount or if it did it was media/usb0

 pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root      ext4      117G  4.5G  108G   4% /
devtmpfs       devtmpfs  1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G  9.5M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs          tmpfs     5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat      256M   49M  207M  20% /boot
/dev/sda1      vfat      1.9T  4.2G  1.9T   1% /home/pi/RetroPie
tmpfs          tmpfs     384M     0  384M   0% /run/user/1000

this above formated for fat 32 and i getting copy speeds of 5-10mbs

but when i had ntfs it was least 25 so i dont get it ):

mitu · 28 Feb 2022, 16:49

@comet424 said in how do you get faster write speeds to SSD only getting 24mb/s:

so for doing the exfat how do i change that for the fstab? as it wouldnt mount or if it did it was media/usb0

Did you try to use the fstab line that you previously posted ?

/dev/sda1  /home/pi/RetroPie       exfat   nofail,user,uid=pi,gid=pi 0     2

When you test using dd, make sure you're using an output file that's on the external disc:

dd if=/dev/urandom of=/home/pi/RetroPie/test.file bs=1M count=1024

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 16:59

@mitu

for the fstab i tried "exfat" "exfat4" "extfat" "ext4"
none of them mounted.. unless i change the fstab uuid
and set the usbmount to Enabled in the menu
then sometimes it mounted

so the results for the tests are

 pi@retropie:~ $ sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sda1
 
/dev/sda1:
 Timing cached reads:   1588 MB in  2.00 seconds = 793.80 MB/sec
 Timing buffered disk reads: 882 MB in  3.00 seconds = 293.62 MB/sec
pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root      ext4      117G  4.5G  108G   4% /
devtmpfs       devtmpfs  1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G  9.5M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs          tmpfs     5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat      256M   49M  207M  20% /boot
/dev/sda1      vfat      1.9T  4.2G  1.9T   1% /home/pi/RetroPie
tmpfs          tmpfs     384M     0  384M   0% /run/user/1000
pi@retropie:~ $ dd if=/dev/urandom of=/home/pi/RetroPie/test.file bs=1M count=1024
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB, 1.0 GiB) copied, 59.2516 s, 18.1 MB/s

mitu · 28 Feb 2022, 17:17

@comet424 said in how do you get faster write speeds to SSD only getting 24mb/s:

none of them mounted.. unless i change the fstab uuid

My example was without the UUID, just using the partition inode directly. If you re-format the drive, it's label may change, so the UUID may not match.

EDIT: add the entry to /etc/fstab, then try running

mount -a -t exfat

and if the drive is mounted (mount -t exfat).

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 17:30

@mitu

ok so not sure what to change in my fstab

 proc            /proc           proc    defaults          0       0
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-01  /boot           vfat    defaults          0       2
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-02  /               ext4    defaults,noatime  0       1
# a swapfile is not a swap partition, no line here
#   use  dphys-swapfile swap[on|off]  for that
UUID=3FDD-79EC  /home/pi/RetroPie       vfat    nofail,user,uid=pi,gid=pi 0     2

is my current Fat32 for the 2TB drive
everytime i format it changes the UUID so then i re change it in the fstab

and what i was meaning is /home/pi/RetroPie vfat
i changed the vfat to "ext4" "exfat" "exfat4"
when i had it formated as exFat or whatever the proper wording is for it

to see if it would mount.. it would sometimes mount as /media/usb0

so wehre in the fstab do i add /etc/fstab

and i guess reformat the drive to exfat right?

and i did try where vfat is when i had "ntfs" i tried changing it to "ntfs-3g" but that didnt help either as i read that in a different retropie article someone said worked but didnt work for me
when i had it as ntfs

mitu · 28 Feb 2022, 17:41

Sorry, but it's getting difficult to follow your replies without any phrasing or punctuation. Can you make an effort and organize your replies better ? I understand English may not be your native language, but try to make an effort and put some structure into it.

First, make sure you format your drive as exfat, use the mkfs.exfat command I've mentioned. Use cfdisk /dev/sda or fdisk -l /dev/sda to confirm the drive is properly formatted.
2nd, modify /etc/fstab and replace the last line with the entry I mentioned a couple of replies ago:

/dev/sda1  /home/pi/RetroPie       exfat   nofail,user,uid=pi,gid=pi	0	2

3rd, try the mount commands from my previous reply to make sure that you've correctly modified /etc/fstab and mounting works. If none of the commands fail, then you can disable the usbmount service and reboot to see if the external disc is mounted correctly (to /home/pi/RetroPie).

comet424 · 28 Feb 2022, 17:59

@mitu
sorry try my best as i have dislexia and its sounds clear to me

what i was say
in fstab file
vfat line i changed it to "ext4" "exfat" "exfat4" for Exfat
non of these settings "mounted" the drive tp /home/pi/RetroPie
only to /media/usb0 and you had to have the Auto USBmount service Enabled in the Menu.. Disabled wouldnt mount

when it was ntfs i treid "ntfs" and "ntfs-3g"

and i was sayin since its in Fat32 i guess i have to reformat it

and i said i had to change the UUID in the Fstab every single time when i formated the drive

pi@retropie:/etc $ sudo mkfs.exfat /dev/sda1
mkexfatfs 1.3.0
Creating... done.
Flushing... done.
File system created successfully.
pi@retropie:/etc $ cfdisk /dev/sda
cfdisk: cannot open /dev/sda: Permission denied
pi@retropie:/etc $ cfdisk /dev/sda1
cfdisk: cannot open /dev/sda1: Permission denied
pi@retropie:/etc $ fdisk -l /dev/sda
fdisk: cannot open /dev/sda: Permission denied
pi@retropie:/etc $ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 16:34 8988cf8f-d459-476f-9a4a-16c56702dc40 -> ../../mmcblk0p2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Feb 28 17:51 B862-4CA4 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 16:34 C367-3F28 -> ../../mmcblk0p1
pi@retropie:/etc $ sudo nano fstab
pi@retropie:/etc $
pi@retropie:/etc $ fdisk -l /dev/sda1
fdisk: cannot open /dev/sda1: Permission denied

i rebooted and ran your 2 commands again

     `"""'     The RetroPie Project, https://retropie.org.uk

pi@retropie:~ $ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 17:58 8988cf8f-d459-476f-9a4a-16c56702dc40 -> ../../mmcblk0p2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Feb 28 17:58 B862-4CA4 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 17:58 C367-3F28 -> ../../mmcblk0p1
pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root      ext4      117G  4.5G  108G   4% /
devtmpfs       devtmpfs  1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G  9.4M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs          tmpfs     5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat      256M   49M  207M  20% /boot
tmpfs          tmpfs     384M     0  384M   0% /run/user/1000
pi@retropie:~ $ cfdisk /dev/sda1
cfdisk: cannot open /dev/sda1: Permission denied
pi@retropie:~ $ fdisk -l /dev/sda
fdisk: cannot open /dev/sda: Permission denied
pi@retropie:~ $ fdisk -l /dev/sda1
fdisk: cannot open /dev/sda1: Permission denied
pi@retropie:~ $

 proc            /proc           proc    defaults          0       0
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-01  /boot           vfat    defaults          0       2
PARTUUID=e22bcd10-02  /               ext4    defaults,noatime  0       1
# a swapfile is not a swap partition, no line here
#   use  dphys-swapfile swap[on|off]  for that
UUID=B862-4CA4  /home/pi/RetroPie       exfat   nofail,user,uid=pi,gid=pi 0     2

pi@retropie:/etc $ mount -a -t exfat
mount: only root can use "--all" option
pi@retropie:/etc $ sudo mount -a -t exfat
FUSE exfat 1.3.0
WARN: volume was not unmounted cleanly.
fuse: mountpoint is not empty
fuse: if you are sure this is safe, use the 'nonempty' mount option
pi@retropie:/etc $

	pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
	Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
	/dev/root ext4 117G 3.5G 109G 4% /
	devtmpfs devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
	tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
	tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 13M 1.9G 1% /run
	tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
	tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
	/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat 256M 49M 207M 20% /boot
	/dev/sda1 fuseblk 1.9T 69G 1.8T 4% /home/pi/RetroPie
	tmpfs tmpfs 384M 0 384M 0% /run/user/1000

	proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
	PARTUUID=e22bcd10-01 /boot vfat defaults 0 2
	PARTUUID=e22bcd10-02 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 1
	# a swapfile is not a swap partition, no line here
	# use dphys-swapfile swap[on\|off] for that
	UUID=65454130580A5F05 /home/pi/RetroPie ntfs nofail,user,uid=pi,gid=pi 0 2

	pi@retropie:/etc $ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
	total 0
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Feb 27 17:14 65454130580A5F05 -> ../../sda1
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 27 17:14 8988cf8f-d459-476f-9a4a-16c56702dc40 -> ../../mmcblk0p2
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 27 17:14 C367-3F28 -> ../../mmcblk0p1

	pi@retropie:~ $ dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=1M count=1024
	1024+0 records in
	1024+0 records out
	1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB, 1.0 GiB) copied, 45.0954 s, 23.8 MB/s

	pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
	Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
	/dev/root ext4 117G 4.5G 108G 4% /
	devtmpfs devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
	tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
	tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 9.4M 1.9G 1% /run
	tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
	tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
	/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat 256M 49M 207M 20% /boot
	tmpfs tmpfs 384M 0 384M 0% /run/user/1000

	pi@retropie:~ $ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
	total 0
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Feb 28 15:15 5BAF-3224 -> ../../sda1
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 15:15 8988cf8f-d459-476f-9a4a-16c56702dc40 -> ../../mmcblk0p2
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 15:15 C367-3F28 -> ../../mmcblk0p1

	pi@retropie:~ $ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
	total 0
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Feb 28 15:17 5BAF-3224 -> ../../sda1
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 15:17 8988cf8f-d459-476f-9a4a-16c56702dc40 -> ../../mmcblk0p2
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 28 15:17 C367-3F28 -> ../../mmcblk0p1
	pi@retropie:~ $ sudo mkfs.exfat /dev/sda1
	mkexfatfs 1.3.0
	Creating... done.
	Flushing... done.
	File system created successfully.
	pi@retropie:~ $ df -h -T
	Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
	/dev/root ext4 117G 4.5G 108G 4% /
	devtmpfs devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
	tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
	tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 9.4M 1.9G 1% /run
	tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
	tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
	/dev/mmcblk0p1 vfat 256M 49M 207M 20% /boot
	tmpfs tmpfs 384M 0 384M 0% /run/user/1000
	pi@retropie:~ $

	pi@retropie:~ $ sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sda1

	/dev/sda1:
	Timing cached reads: 1588 MB in 2.00 seconds = 793.80 MB/sec
	Timing buffered disk reads: 882 MB in 3.00 seconds = 293.62 MB/sec